Nobel Prizes of Physiology: 1901-2018

The Nobel Prize of Physiology is distinct from the Nobel prizes of Physics and Chemistery. It comprises both biology and medicine. Dr Nobel never spoke about a Medicine Nobel prize. Physiology subsumes all of the health science, save chemistry and physics. Since Nobel’s time, the media has spoken of Medicine instead of or in combination with Physiology.

Since its inception, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has beenawarded 109 times to 216 Nobel Laureates between 1901 and 2018.The H. M Institute is preparing a small booklet on the significance of these Nobel discoveries and the future of Medicine.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2018

James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo“for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2017

Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young“for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016

Yoshinori Ohsumi“for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015

William C. Campbelland Satoshi Ōmura“for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites”

Youyou Tu “for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014

John O’Keefe, May-Britt Moserand Edvard I. Moser“for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2013

James E. Rothman, Randy W. Schekmanand Thomas C. Südhof“for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012

Sir John B. Gurdonand Shinya Yamanaka“for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011

Bruce A. Beutlerand Jules A. Hoffmann“for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity

Ralph M. Steinman“for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2010

Robert G. Edwards“for the development of in vitro fertilization

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009

Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greiderand Jack W. Szostak“for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008

Harald zur Hausen“for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer

Françoise Barré-Sinoussiand Luc Montagnier“for their discoveryof human immunodeficiency virus”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007

Mario R. Capecchi, Sir Martin J. Evansand Oliver Smithies“for their discoveries of principles for introducing specificgene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006

Andrew Z. Fireand Craig C. Mello“for their discovery of RNA interference – gene silencing by double-stranded RNA

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005

Barry J. Marshalland J. Robin Warren“for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pyloriand its role in gastritisand peptic ulcer disease”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004

Richard Axeland Linda B. Buck“for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003

Paul C. Lauterburand Sir Peter Mansfield“for their discoveries concerningmagnetic resonance imaging”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002

Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitzand John E. Sulston“for their discoveries concerninggenetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death’”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2001

Leland H. Hartwell, Tim Huntand Sir Paul M. Nurse“for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000

Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengardand Eric R. Kandel“for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1999

Günter Blobel“for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1998

Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarroand Ferid Murad“for their discoveries concerningnitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1997

Stanley B. Prusiner“for his discovery ofPrions – a new biological principle of infection”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1996

Peter C. Dohertyand Rolf M. Zinkernagel“for their discoveries concerning the specificity of thecell mediated immune defence

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1995

Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhardand Eric F. Wieschaus“for their discoveries concerning thegenetic control of early embryonic development

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1994

Alfred G. Gilmanand Martin Rodbell“for their discovery ofG-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1993

Richard J. Robertsand Phillip A. Sharp“for their discoveries of split genes”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1992

Edmond H. Fischerand Edwin G. Krebs“for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1991

Erwin Neherand Bert Sakmann“for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1990

Joseph E. Murrayand E. Donnall Thomas“for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1989

J. Michael Bishopand Harold E. Varmus“for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988

Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elionand George H. Hitchings“for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1987

Susumu Tonegawa“for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986

Stanley Cohenand Rita Levi-Montalcini“for their discoveries of growth factors”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1985

Michael S. Brownand Joseph L. Goldstein“for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1984

Niels K. Jerne, Georges J.F. Köhlerand César Milstein“for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983

Barbara McClintock“for her discovery of mobile genetic elements”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1982

Sune K. Bergström, Bengt I. Samuelssonand John R. Vane“for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1981

Roger W. Sperry“for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres”

David H. Hubeland Torsten N. Wiesel“for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1980

Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Daussetand George D. Snell“for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1979

Allan M. Cormackand Godfrey N. Hounsfield“for the development of computer assisted tomography”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978

Werner Arber, Daniel Nathansand Hamilton O. Smith“for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977

Roger Guilleminand Andrew V. Schally“for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain”

Rosalyn Yalow“for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1976

Baruch S. Blumbergand D. Carleton Gajdusek“for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975

David Baltimore, Renato Dulbeccoand Howard Martin Temin“for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1974

Albert Claude, Christian de Duveand George E. Palade“for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1973

Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenzand Nikolaas Tinbergen“for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1972

Gerald M. Edelmanand Rodney R. Porter“for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1971

Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.“for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1970

Sir Bernard Katz, Ulf von Eulerand Julius Axelrod“for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969

Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hersheyand Salvador E. Luria“for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968

Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khoranaand Marshall W. Nirenberg“for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1967

Ragnar Granit, Haldan Keffer Hartlineand George Wald“for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1966

Peyton Rous“for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses”

Charles Brenton Huggins“for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1965

François Jacob, André Lwoffand Jacques Monod“for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1964

Konrad Blochand Feodor Lynen“for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1963

Sir John Carew Eccles, Alan Lloyd Hodgkinand Andrew Fielding Huxley“for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962

Francis Harry Compton Crick, James Dewey Watsonand Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins“for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1961

Georg von Békésy“for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1960

Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnetand Peter Brian Medawar“for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959

Severo Ochoaand Arthur Kornberg“for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958

George Wells Beadleand Edward Lawrie Tatum“for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events”

Joshua Lederberg“for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1957

Daniel Bovet“for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1956

André Frédéric Cournand, Werner Forssmannand Dickinson W. Richards“for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1955

Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell“for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1954

John Franklin Enders, Thomas Huckle Wellerand Frederick Chapman Robbins“for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953

Hans Adolf Krebs“for his discovery of the citric acid cycle”

Fritz Albert Lipmann“for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1952

Selman Abraham Waksman“for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1951

Max Theiler“for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1950

Edward Calvin Kendall, Tadeus Reichsteinand Philip Showalter Hench “for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1949

Walter Rudolf Hess“for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs”

Antonio Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz“for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1948

Paul Hermann Müller“for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947

Carl Ferdinand Coriand Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz“for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen”

Bernardo Alberto Houssay“for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1946

Hermann Joseph Muller“for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945

Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chainand Sir Howard Walter Florey“for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1944

Joseph Erlangerand Herbert Spencer Gasser“for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1943

Henrik Carl Peter Dam“for his discovery of vitamin K”

Edward Adelbert Doisy“for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1942

No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1941

No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1940

No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1939

Gerhard Domagk“for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1938

Corneille Jean François Heymans“for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1937

Albert von Szent-Györgyi Nagyrápolt“for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1936

Sir Henry Hallett Daleand Otto Loewi“for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1935

Hans Spemann“for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1934

George Hoyt Whipple, George Richards Minotand William Parry Murphy“for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1933

Thomas Hunt Morgan“for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1932

Sir Charles Scott Sherringtonand Edgar Douglas Adrian“for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1931

Otto Heinrich Warburg“for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1930

Karl Landsteiner“for his discovery of human blood groups”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1929

Christiaan Eijkman“for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin”

Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins“for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1928

Charles Jules Henri Nicolle“for his work on typhus”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1927

Julius Wagner-Jauregg“for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1926

Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger“for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1925

No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1924

Willem Einthoven“for his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923

Frederick Grant Bantingand John James Rickard Macleod“for the discovery of insulin”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1922

Archibald Vivian Hill“for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle”

Otto Fritz Meyerhof“for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1921

No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1920

Schack August Steenberg Krogh“for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1919

Jules Bordet“for his discoveries relating to immunity”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1918

No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1917

No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1916

No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1915

No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1914

Robert Bárány“for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1913

Charles Robert Richet“in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1912

Alexis Carrel“in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1911

Allvar Gullstrand“for his work on the dioptrics of the eye”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1910

Albrecht Kossel“in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1909

Emil Theodor Kocher“for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908

Ilya Ilyich Mechnikovand Paul Ehrlich“in recognition of their work on immunity”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1907

Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran“in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1906

Camillo Golgiand Santiago Ramón y Cajal“in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905

Robert Koch“for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov“in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion,through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1903

Niels Ryberg Finsen“in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1902

Ronald Ross“for his work onmalaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organismand thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901

Emil Adolf von Behring“for his work onserum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria,by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths”

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